Viable and Secure Fusion Energy: A Review of Recent Advances in Plasma Control, Materials Science, and Non-Proliferation Safeguards

Abstract

Nuclear fusion offers the prospect of a carbon-free, inherently safe, and virtually inexhaustible energy source, but its realization is contingent upon surmounting significant scientific and engineering challenges. 1 This review synthesizes recent academic research to evaluate the viability of fusion energy, focusing on three critical and interconnected domains: plasma stability and control, materials science for extreme environments, and the development of a robust non-proliferation framework. We examine the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) on plasma control, particularly in the prediction and mitigation of disruptive events, and the use of Explainable AI (XAI) to build trust in these systems. 3 Concurrently, we assess advances in materials science, including the development of self-healing liquid metal components and novel solutions for the tritium fuel cycle, which are essential for long-term reactor resilience and fuel self-sufficiency. 4 Finally, we analyze the non-proliferation landscape, detailing technical safeguards and international governance structures designed to mitigate the risks of fissile material production and tritium diversion, ensuring fusion's development remains exclusively peaceful. 6 We conclude that while formidable challenges persist, the synergistic progress across these domains charts a credible, albeit complex, path toward the realization of safe, secure, and commercially viable fusion power.